LISTENING FOLLOW-UP
THIS IS A LIST OF WEBSITES
THAT CAN HELP YOU IMPROVE YOUR LISTENING SKILLS.
IT HAS BEEN CLASIFIED INTO: GENERAL ENGLISH, SONGS, PHONETICS
AND PRONUNCIATION, IDIOMS AND SLANGS, PHRASAL VERBS, BUSINESS, LEGAL ENGLISH, GERMAN,
FRENCH AND PORTUGUESE AND DICTIONARIES.
WEBSITE
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DESCRIPTION
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ENGLISH
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A starting page for working on English basics including ABCs
and 123s, spelling rules. English tenses and important grammar points are
explained with follow-up quizzes. Other resources will help you build your
vocabulary and practice your English with reading, listening comprehension
and practice speaking dialogues.
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http://www.elllo.org
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Different accents, interviews with people from
different nationalities
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American English. They are classified into
easy-medium-difficult
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Different accents, exercises.
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Live interviews in Manhattan and New Jersey,
exercises and subtitles.
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http://www.agendaweb.org
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It’s a compilation of different websites.
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http://www.englishpage.com
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English tutorials featuring dozens of interactive
exercises.
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http://www.cuentoseningles.com.ar/shortstories/northamerican/index.html
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Short stories. Read and listen the stories.
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learn vocabulary with pronunciation
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http://www.esolcourses.com/content/topicsmenu/listening.html
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Practice listening with videos on various American and British
topics. You can also practice other skills.
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News from the USA – general and academic topics.
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http://www.teflgames.com/interactive.htm
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Interactive games
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http://www.dailystep.com
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Listening with exercises to repeat and dictations,
from beginner to advance.
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http://fog.ccsf.cc.ca.us/~lfried/
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This site contains a lot of listening exercises and
links for practicing other skills.
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http://drewseslfluencylessons.com
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it has vocabulary about some specific topics, for
example: dentist, tv. it has listening, vocabulary exercises to reinforce the
vocabulary. you can skype with people from different countries
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Lesson to practice with native speakers (pay)
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http://www.languageguide.org
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It’s a collaborative project, designed to develop
integrated language.
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These English listening
comprehension tests will test your ability to understand conversation in
English – they go from easy to hard conversations. After finishing a test,
you can review your answers. It helps you to practice listening to lectures
in English (Good)
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http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/listening/index.html
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ESL listening comprehension - Spoken
English/pronunciation practice tests.
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Clear listenings on different topics. It has a
complete lesson plan with a lot of exercises for each lesson.
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Articles about some topics, you can listen to the
articles and read along.
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Interesting topics – American short stories
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http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/professionals-podcasts
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Listening about different professions. Vocabulary
exercises and interactive listening exercises.
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Interactive practice with a robot.
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http://www.eslfast.com/robot/topics/dailylife/dailylife01.htm
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A lot of listenings.
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/pron/unit1/start.shtml
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It has news, videos, listening, podcasts, and a lot
of more resources.
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http://esllisten.blogspot.com
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American short stories and articles about music.
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/radio/specials/1535_questionanswer/page2.shtml
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This is an excellent website to clarify expressions
and use of words. It also has interesting topics, 24 hour radio programs.
It’s good for teachers.
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http://itunes.apple.com/gb/app/verbalise/id356596710?mt=8
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Irregular verbs pronunciation
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http://a4esl.org/a/g.html
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Activities for ESL Students. It has thousands of
activities to help you study English as a Second Language. This project of
The Internet TESL Journal has contributions by many teachers.
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http://www.carolinebrownlisteninglessons.com/
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It has clear listenings and exercises.
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http://www.1-language.com/memorymatchelem/face/memori1.swf
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Vocabulary games with listening
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http://www.learn4good.com/languages/index.htm
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An international education, career & travel
resource website for students & parents searching for studying abroad
programs. (Bibliography for listening)
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Irregular verbs with examples in each form- phrasal
verbs with meaning in Spanish and examples – intermediate and advanced
conversations – normal and slow version.
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http://www. Pumarosa.com
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This site is designed to teach English basics to
adult Spanish-speaking students.
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This site contains a lot of exercises
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http://www. RWorld.com
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Practice English with native speakers.
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http://www.examenglish.com
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This web site is for people
studying for an English language exam.
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Dictations
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100 Short
stories – reading, listening, comprehension questions and dictation.
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Videos - lyrics collection organized by
artists alphabetically.
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Tourist guides.
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SONGS
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http://www.letras4u.com/
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Lyrics, translations, videos,
articles, biographies, articles, news and much more.
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http://www.quedeletras.com
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You can find the lyrics of the songs
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http://www.isabelperez.com/songs.htm
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Teaching with songs: Songs, lyrics and exercises
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It has videos of the songs with exercises.
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http://www.azlyrics.com
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We have a large, every day growing universe of lyrics
where stars of all genres and ages shine.
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FRENCH
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http://www.languageguide.org/english/grammar/esp/part3/present.jsp
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It’s a collaborative project, designed to develop
integrated language. It has different languages: English, French, German, Portuguese
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http://idiomas.astalaweb.com/francés/francés.asp
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It has an easy French course
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Television:
www.france24.frwww.tv5.orghttp://www.france2.fr/http://africa24tv.com/tv
musicale:
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http://www.soleiltv.com/
www.francopolis.comhttp://www.citedelamusique.fr
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www.polarfle.com
www.lemonde.frwww.liberation.fr
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http://www.francodiff.org/fr/9-liens/33-les-sites-des-maisons-de-disques/
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Radio: www.rfi.frradio infos africaines: www.africa1.com
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www.lemonde.frhttp://www.courrierinternational.com/http://www.lepoint.fr/http://www.liberation.fr/
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http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/http://www.afrik.com/http://www.jeuneafrique.com/
sport: http://www.lequipe.fr/
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http://www.ciep.fr/delfdalf/
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www.cursodefrancesbogota.com
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www.Busuu.com
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http://www.lepetitprince.com/Grammaire
: www.lepointdufle.net
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http://leconjugueur.lefigaro.fr/
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GERMAN
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http://www.languageguide.org/english/grammar/esp/part3/present.jsp
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It’s a collaborative project, designed to develop
integrated language. It has different languages: English, French, German,
Portuguese
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http://idiomas.astalaweb.com/alemán/v3/Curso-vocabulario-aleman-1.asp
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This site contains animated libraries of the phonetics sounds in
German.
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PORTUGUESE
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http://www.languageguide.org/english/grammar/esp/part3/present.jsp
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It’s a collaborative project, designed to develop
integrated language. It has different languages: English, French, German,
Portuguese
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http://idiomas.astalaweb.com/Otros/_Marco%202.asp?dir=http://www.cursoportugues.org/esportuguese/grammar.asp
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This site includes a lot of explanations and exercises
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http://idiomas.astalaweb.com/Otros/_Marco%202.asp?dir=http://www.aulafacil.com/Portugues/Cursoport.htm
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This site includes complete lessons.
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PHONETICS
AND PRONUNCIATION
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It gives a good explanation of Phonetics and shows
the phonetic symbols.
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http://www.soundsenglish.com/phonetic.html
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This is a great learning tool. It helps you to learn
the phonetic alphabet
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Explanation and examples of the sounds. Minimal pairs.
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Articles for teachers and students about how to
improve your pronunciation
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These pronunciation exercises encourage student
autonomy because they lead students to build their own criteria for how to
produce English sounding sentences.
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/pron/sounds/
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It has a good explanation of the English sounds
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http://eolf.univ-fcomte.fr/
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Audio and video exercises based on fairy stories, TV commercials,
interviews, documentaries, film trailers
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http://www.ompersonal.com.ar/omphonetics/contenidotematico.htm
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To learn English you must learn the pronunciation of the sounds. At
Omphonetics you will find intensive practice and good learning !
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http://www.isabelperez.com/dictionaries/vowels_3.htm
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It has exercises to identify the vowel sounds. Minimal pairs.
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This listening section will test your English pronunciation skills.
You will hear a person reading 4 words, then choose the word that has the
underlined part pronounced differently from the rest)
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This site contains animated libraries of the phonetics sounds in
English.
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http://www.americanpronunciationcourse.com/?hop=caimin
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http://www.pronuncian.com
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It offers free access to hundreds of pronunciation lessons and
thousands of American English sounds.
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http://introling.ynada.com/category/phonetics-phonology
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You can pay for having lessons with native speakers
(it’s cheap and good practice)
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IDIOMS
AND SLANGS
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Podcasts idioms and slangs
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Conversations – slangs, explanation of the
vocabulary, sample sentences, exercises
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Listening phrasal verbs, with examples of the
different meanings of each phrasal verb- it also has a good list of cognates
- You can find online one to one
lessons with a native speaker.
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http://www.ompersonal.com.ar/omphonetics/vowels/symbols1.htm
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Practice with individual phonetic sounds.
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http://www.ezslang.com
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PHRASAL
VERBS
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organized in alphabetical order: definition,
examples and quizzes
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http://www.eflnet.com/pverbs/phrasal_verb_verb.php
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Exercises organized by verb. There’s a good list of
phrasal verbs ordered alphabetically.
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http://www2.elc.polyu.edu.hk/eiw2/main.htm#htm#02#27
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http://www.medlockenglish.com/pancake-day-shove-tuesday-in-britain/
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http://store.tellmemore.com/?Click=43
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http://www.mcli.dist.maricopa.edu/proj/lee/extraex/unit5/health.pdf
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http://www.medlockenglish.com/english-idioms-eggs/
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exercises for writing - business
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www.carolinebrownlisteninglessons.com/interview/menu.php
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUCODUvKbzE&feature=related
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http://www.breakingnewsenglish.com/1004/100423-salt.html
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a lecture about cultural differences
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http://www.voanews.com/learningenglish/home/business
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News on business
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It has explanations and exercises with phrasal
verbs.
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http://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/lessons/phrasal-verb-bring
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http://www.carolinebrownenglishlessons.com/
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DICTIONARIES
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www.wordreference.com
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www.dictionary. com
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www.urbandictionary. com
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www.rae.es
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www.el país.com/diccionarios
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http://es.bab.la/diccionario/ingles-espanol
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http://www.ernestoromero.net/LS.pdf
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Legal Glossary (English –
Spanish)
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http://www.ats-group.net/glossaries/glossary-legal-spanish-english.html
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Legal
terminology
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http://www.wordreference.com
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Legal Dictionary
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http://dictionary.law.com/
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Legal Dictionary
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http://blackslawdictionary.org/
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Online Legal Dictionary
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http://www.ebook3000.com/dictionary/Black-s-Law-Dictionary--Seventh-Edition-_45881.html
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You can download it free.
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http://www.businessballs.com/business-dictionary.htm
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This glossary of business terms and definitions
includes the main terminology used in business, plus many more unusual,
interesting and amusing words and expressions found in business and
management, and the wider world of work and modern life.
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http://es.bab.la/diccionario/ingles-espanol/
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Excellent
dictionary for translators.
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http://www.businessballs.com/greekalphabet.htm
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Http://www.wordcentral.com/
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It has a lot of games with the words (It’s a
Merryam-Webster’s Dictionary)
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http://www.alot.com/intro
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http://www.merriam-webster.com
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On of the most complete dictionaries.
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BUSINESS
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http://memoteque.com/set/1327-business-english-abbreviations-and-acronyms
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Exercises for writing - business
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http://idiomas.astalaweb.com/ingl%C3%A9s/_Marco.asp?dir=http://www.better-english-test.com/
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Bienvenido a la web de idiomas de la Comunidad
Astalaweb.
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http://www.breakingnewsenglish.com/business_english.html
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A lot of up-to-date business topics
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http://investorwords.com
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The biggest best investing glossary on the web. It
also has videos.
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LEGAL
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http://www.legalfox.co.uk
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Legal English
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lawyers –
listening, and vocab for lawyers, exercises to practice the vocab
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A LIST OF
BOOKS/ARTICLES FOR TEACHING LISTENING
· Brown,
H.D. (2001), Teaching by Principles, An Interactive Approach to Languge
Pedagogy, New York: Addison Wesley Longman
· Buck,
Gary, (2001), Assessing Listening, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
· Celce-Murcia,
Marianne, (1996), Teaching Pronunciation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
· Morley,
Joan, (2001), "Aural comprehension instruction: principles and
practices", in Marianne Celce-Murcia (ed.), Teaching English as a Second
or Foreign Language, 3rd Edition, Boston: Heinle & Heinle
· Ur,
Penny, (1984), Teaching Listening Comprehension, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press
· Underhill,
Adrian, (1984), Sound Foundations, Oxford: Macmillan Heinemann
· Peterson,
P., (1991) "A Synthesis of methods for interactive listening", in M.
Celce-Murcia, (ed), Teaching English as a Second or Foriegn Language, 2nd
edition (ppp.106-122), New York: Newbury House
· Richards,
Jack, (1990), The Language Teaching Matrix, Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press
· Explicit
Language Teaching
· Lightbrown
Patsy & Spada, (1999), How Languages are Learned, Oxford: Oxford University
Press
· Schmidt,
Richard, (1995), "Consciousness and foreign language learning: a tutorial
on the role of attention and awareness in learning" in Richard Schmidt,
(ed.) Attention and Awareness in Foreign Language Learning, (Technical Report
#9) Honolulu: University of Hawaii Second Language Teaching and Curriculum
Center.
· Oxford,
Rebecca, (1990), Language Learning Strategies, Boston: Heinle & Heinle
· Communicative
Competence
· Canale,
Michael & Swain Merril, (1980) "Theoretical bases of communicative
approaches to second language teaching and testing", Applied Linguistics,
Vol. 1, No. 1, Oxford: Oxford University Press
·
Canale, Michael, (1983), "From communicative
competence to communicative language pedagogy", in J.C. Richards and R.W.
Schmidt (eds.) Language and Communication, London: Longman
TEACHING LISTENING BIBLIOGRAPHY
· Anderson,
Anne & Tony Lynch, (1988) Listening, Oxford: Oxford University Press
A classic in Oxford's "Scheme for Teacher Education" series.
· Brown,
H.D. (2001), Teaching by Principles, An Interactive Approach to Language
Pedagogy, New York: Addison Wesley Longman
An excellent overview of current issues and practices in the field of
English Language teaching. Although aimed at beginning teachers or
student-teachers, the book is nonetheless a useful reference to dip into from
time to time. The teaching of listening is looked at in fairly good detail.
· Blau,
E.K., (1990), "The effect of syntax, speed and pauses on listening
comprehension", TESOL Quarterly, 24, 746 - 753.
This research paper suggests that neither slowed down speech nor
syntactically simplified speech enhances listening. However she suggests that
the use of pauses as a speech modification mechanism enhanced listening
comprehension.
· Buck,
Gary, (2001), Assessing Listening, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Primarily concerned with testing, the introduction provides an excellent
overview of listening processes and what we as teachers should be teaching our
students.
· Celce-Murcia,
Marianne, (1996), Teaching Pronunciation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
As the name suggests, this is primarily concerned with pronunciation,
however the elements of connected speech and dynamic English are well covered
and very applicable to listening.
· Cervantes,
R., & G. Gainer, (1992), "The effects of syntactic simplification and
repetition on listening comprehension", TESOL Quarterly, 26: 767-70
This study compared the effects of syntactic simplification with
syntactic simplification and repetition finding positive effects for both.
However there was little significant difference between the two groups
suggesting that syntactic modification might not always be necessary if other
forms of modification are used.
· Chaudron,
C., (1983), "Simplification of input: Topic reinstatements and their
effects on L2 learners recognition and recall", TESOL Quarterly, 17(3),
437-458
This study looks at simplification, which can involve "reduction or
regularization of surface forms or alternatively, an increase in surface forms
for the sake of elaboration or clarification". (439). This study
investigated how topic reinstatement affected recall, finding that redundant
words were recalled more effectively than other words and that sytactically
more complex structures were more difficult for low level learners. This leads
to a conclusion that "no single form of simplification would be an
appropriate method of presentation for a group of learners representing a range
of proficiency levels" (451)
· Chaurdron,
C. & J. Richards, (1986), "The effect of discourse markers on the
comprehension of lectures", Applied Linguistics, 7(2), 113-127
In a study of listening comprehension during "reading style"
lectures this study found that discourse markers better aided comprehension
than "micro-markers", discourse markers that give learners more time
to bottom-up process.
· Chiang,
C.S., Dunkel, P., (1992), "The effect of speech modifcation, prior
knowledge, and listening proficiency on EFL lecture learning",TESOL
Quarterly, 26, 345 - 374.
This research paper looked at the effects of speech modification through
redundancy and elaboration and found that listening comprehension was enhanced
amongst higher level students when listening to texts with added redundancy and
elaboration
· Conrad,
Linda, (1989), "The Effects of Time Compressed Speech on Listening
Comprehension", Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 11, 1-16,
Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
An experiment using time-compressed speech to handicap listening
comprehension in order to observe aural processing strategy differences. The
results illuminate the importance of native listener's syntactic predictions in
comprehension.
· Derwing,
Tracey, (1989), "Information Type and Its Relation to Nonnative Speaker
Comprehension", Language Learning, Vol. 39, No. 2, 157-172
This paper found that an increase in background detail, (as opposed to
crucial information essential to comprehension), correlated with comprehension
problems for second language learners; too much inconsequential detail can
over-burden low-proficiency learners. The implication for language teachers is
to select materials for presentation, or as tasks, which rely on limited
amounts of inconsequential detail.
· Dunkel,
Patricia, (1986), Developing Listening Fluency in L2: Theoretical Principles
and Pedagogical Considerations, The Modern Language Journal, 70, ii: 99-106
This paper highlights the important role that listening plays on first
languge acquisition and suggests a similar role for second language
acquisition, especially at lower levels; she also outlines the importance of
providing a wide range of listenings, with classroom activities that match the
cognitive processes associated with second language listening.
· Dunkel,
Patricia, (1991), "Listening in the Native and Second/Foreign Language:
Toward and Integration of Research and Practice, TESOL Quarterly, Vol. 25,
No.3: 431-457
Looks at the critical importance of listening in any second language
teaching program and calls for greater collaboration between teachers and educational
researchers. With greater integration more can be understood about how to teach
in today's post-literate society.
· Field,
J., (1998), "Skills and strategies: towards a new methodology for
listening", ELT Journal, 52, 110 - 118.
This paper proposes an approach based on micro-listening exercises which
practice the individual sub skills of listening.
· Field, J.
, (2004), "An insight into listeners' problems: too much bottom-up or too
much top-down?", System, 32, 363-377
This research papers suggests that even lower level learners use
top-down compensatory strategies and that listening in a foreign language may
be assisted by an interactive-compensatory mechanism already available in L1.
· Feyton,
Carine, (1991), "The Power of Listening Ability: An Overlooked Dimension
in Language Acquisition", The Modern Language Journal, University of
Wisconsin Press
This study suggests a positive relationship between listening ability
and foreign language acquisition and asks "whether more attention needs to
be paid to listening as a necessary skill in the diagnosing and preparation of
foreign language students".
· Flowerdew,
J., & Tauroza, S., (1995), "The effects of discourse markers on second
language lecture comprehension", Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 17,
435-458
This study found that the inclusion of discourse markers in lectures
enhanced listening comprehension.
· Goh, C.,
(1997), "Metacognitive awareness and second language listeners", ELT
Journal, 51, 361-369.
In a study of listening diaries, Goh suggests that an increased learner
metacognitive awareness in listening is positively correlated with better
listening skills and argues for listening diaries as a tool for this purpose.
· Goh, C.,
(2002), "Exploring listening comprehension tactics and their interaction
patterns", System, 30, 185-206
This research paper found that higher level listeners demonstrated more
effective use of both cognitive and metacognitive tactics. It also recommends
that teachers try to raise awareness about strategy use in their classrooms by
having students reflect on their language training.
· Graham-Marr,
A. (1997), "Teaching the weak from for receptive competence and pragmatic
understanding", The Academic Reports, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo
Institute of Polytechnics, Vol. 20, No. 2
This simple review paper suggests that a greater focus is needed on weak
form pronunciation in Japanese EFL classes. You can download this here.
· Graham-Marr,
A. (2004), "Teaching Speaking and Listening", Handout in Spring 2004
ETJ Certificate Course
A simple and quick overview of some of the issues facing teachers of
speaking and listening. You can download this here.
· Long, D,
(1990), "What you don't know can't help you", Studies in Second
Language Acquisition, 12, 65-80.
This research paper looked at the importance of schemata in the
comprehension of L2 listening passages.
· Lund,
Randall, (1990), A Taxonomy for Teaching Second Language Listening, Foreign
Language Annals, 23, No.2: 105-115
· A useful list of the sub-skills associated with
listening and the teaching of listening. He describes a taxonomy or real world
listening taks as a conceptual framework for teaching listening based on a
matrix of listener function and listener response.
· Mendelsohn,
David J. (1998), "Teaching Listening", Annual Review of Applied
Linguistics, 18, 81-101
An article that gives an overview of the "state-of-the-art" of
listening methodology up to 1998; the article advocates a strategy based
approach, where "strategy instruction becomes the design around which the
listening course is based."
· Morley,
Joan, (2001), "Aural comprehension instruction: principles and
practices", in Marianne Celce-Murcia (ed.), Teaching English as a Second
or Foreign Language, 3rd Edition, Boston: Heinle & Heinle
This article is an updated version of her 1991 paper, in the same
collection. She outlines four instructional models. She makes the case for
listening instruction to include both two-way interactive listening activities
and one-way reactive, Listen and Do activities and tasks.
· O'Malley,
J.M., Chamot, A.U. & Kupper, L, (1989), "Listening comprehension
strategies in second language acquisition", Applied Linguistics, 10(4),
418-437
This paper looked at the mental processes that second language learners
use in listening comprehension and found that strategies were useful tools for
language learners and that less effective students can learn to use learning
strategies and apply them.
· Peterson,
P., (1991) "A Synthesis of methods for interactive listening", in M.
Celce-Murcia, (ed), Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language, 2nd
edition (ppp.106-122), New York: Newbury House
This is now out in a third edition and offers a good breakdown of
listening into its sub-skill components.
· Richards,
Jack, (1983), "Listening Comprehension: Approach, Design, Procedure",
TESOL Quarterly, Vol. 17, No.2: 219-240
The classic paper on Listening. You'll find this article in the
bibliography of nearly every major article or book on listening. Richards
breaks down listening into its micro-skill components, suggesting that the aim
of teaching listening comphrension is "to provide opportunities for the
learners to acquire particular micro-skills" Some examples of these
micro-skills are: recognizing stress patterns of words, recognizing reduced
forms of words, distinguishing word boundaries and so on.
· Richards,
Jack, (1990), The Language Teaching Matrix, Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press
With respect to Listening Richards makes the point that "An
understanding of the role of bottom-up and top-down processes in listening is
central to any theory of listening comprehension, as well as recognition of the
differences between the interactional and transaction dimensions of language
use and how these affect listening".
· Rubin,
Joan, (1990), "Improving foreign language listening comprehension",
Georgetown University Roundtable, (Ed. J.E.Alatis), Washington, D.C.:
Georgetown University Press
A research report on the positive effects of video on listening
comprehension. Visual cues activate world knowledge which can be strategically
applied to listening comprehension.
· Rubin,
Joan, (1994), "A Review of Second Language Listening Comprehension
Research", The Modern Language Journal, 78:199-221
Much as the article title suggests.
· Tsui, A.,
& J. Fullilove, (1998), "Bottom-up or top-down processing as a
discriminator of L2 listening performance", Applied Linguistics, 19(4),
432-451
This 7 year study of L2 learners test performance in Hong Kong found
that bottom-up processing was more important than top-down processing in
discriminating the listening performance on selected test items.
· Ur,
Penny, (1984), Teaching Listening Comprehension, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press
A classic from the 1980's. Perhaps slightly dated, it nonetheless is a
good overview of some of the bread and butter issues surrounding listening.
· Underhill,
Adrian, (1984), Sound Foundations, Oxford: Macmillan Heinemann
Again largely concerned with production, the book covers many issues
associated with listening. The book makes a strong case for using IPA in
language classes and is a good resource for all those teachers who do use IPA
in their classes.
· Vandergrift,
L, (1999), "Facilitating second language listening comprehension:
acquiring successful strategies", ELT Journal, 53(3), 168-176
This paper argues for a greater emphasis on listening comprehension in
language teaching and suggests that learning strategies and metacognitive
awareness are useful tools for students because they open up more reliable and
less frustrating routes to language learning success.
· Vandergrift,
L., (2003), "Orchestrating Strategy Use: Toward a model of the skilled second
language listener", Language Learning, 53:3, 463-496
This research study examines the relationship between proficiency and
learning strategies employed, finding significant differences between more
skilled and less skilled learners, suggesting that an "astute use of
metacognitive strategies appears to enhance success". (488)
· Vanderplank,
Robert, (1993), "'Pacing' and 'spacing' as predictors of difficulty in
speaking and understanding English", ELT Journal, Vol. 47/2, 117-125,
Oxford: Oxford University Press
This article looks at levels of listening difficulty, and suggests that
"rates of 'pacing' and 'spacing' may offer a means of grading passages of
spoken English more accurately than words or syllables per minute.
· Zhao, Y.,
(1997) "The effects of listeners' control of speech rate on second
language comprehension", Applied Linguistics, 18, 49 - 68
This study, in contrast to a few others, found that improved listening
comprehension was achieved by slowing down the speech rate.
· Explicit Language Teaching
· Lightbrown
Patsy & Spada, (1999), How Languages are Learned, Oxford: Oxford University
Press
· Schmidt,
Richard, (1995), "Consciousness and foreign language learning: a tutorial
on the role of attention and awareness in learning" in Richard Schmidt,
(ed.) Attention and Awareness in Foreign Language Learning, (Technical Report
#9) Honolulu: University of Hawaii Second Language Teaching and Curriculum
Center.
Strategies
· Oxford,
Rebecca, (1990), Language Learning Strategies, Boston: Heinle & Heinle
· Communicative Competence
· Canale,
Michael & Swain Merril, (1980) "Theoretical bases of communicative
approaches to second language teaching and testing", Applied Linguistics,
Vol. 1, No. 1, Oxford: Oxford University Press
· Canale,
Michael, (1983), "From communicative competence to communicative language
pedagogy", in J.C. Richards and R.W. Schmidt (eds.) Language and
Communication, London: Longman
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